Economic and Social Development in Post-Independence Jamaica and Barbados Essay Example for Free

Financial and Social Development in Post-Independence Jamaica and Barbados Essay Jamaica and Barbados have socially and financially progressed since their freedoms. Every nation has had the option to financially continue itself without the help of Britain, which used to oversee the two as regions. In any case, notwithstanding the two countries’ self-guideline and dependence, both of the countries are very poor, and are viewed as underdeveloped nations. Jamaican and Barbadian History Both of the two countries were initially colonized by Great Britain (in the wake of being found by the Spanish) under the mercantilism strategy, which empowered European colonization of different territories. This was on the grounds that the approach demonstrated that a nation’s success could be dictated by its ampleness in exchange, and fares were undeniably more significant than imports under the arrangement. So European countries that couldn't deliver specific items all alone would colonize different regions that could, so they could utilize the merchandise, and fare them to different countries that didn't have the way to get those specific products all alone. Such huge numbers of the Caribbean islands that Britain colonized were abused in light of their warm atmospheres, which permitted them to develop certain harvests, for example, sugar. This yield was one of the principle reasons that Britain had colonized such regions as Jamaica and Barbados. Jamaica’s Independence and its Economic Enterprises Thereafter It was in 1962 that the United Kingdom’s parliament conceded Jamaica its autonomy, after which the country stopped to be controlled by its European originator. After its freedom, the Jamaican government emerged, and started supporting business openings, however numerous occupations emerged in the private segment. Sugar and bananas were the first harvests developed in Jamaica, and traded to areas around the world, and the development of these yields fills in as a significant wellspring of work on the island. The nation’s tropical atmosphere makes it a reasonable area for the developing of these harvests, which can't be developed in the United States or Europe, so a portion of the sugar and bananas in those zones originate from Jamaica. Jamaican Exports and Recent Economic Problems Jamaica additionally has a characteristic flexibly of bauxite, which is a wellspring of aluminum metal, and is along these lines an important item, which utilizes numerous individuals as diggers. Be that as it may, as of late, the financial status of the island has been declining. Times of negative climate have prompted a sharp abatement in the creation of sugar stick and bananas throughout the most recent decade, and swelling has been tormenting the island. The ongoing absence of good rural action has been extraordinary to such an extent that the country has been compelled to import items that, if conditions were better, Jamaica could deliver itself. In any case, of late, espresso has been another gainful yield that can be developed around the island’s blue mountains zone, when sugar and bananas can't, and it fills in as an essential fare, and wellspring of national salary. Different Industries in Jamaica likewise has an industry worried about the raising of local creatures, and a dairy industry. However, that has additionally been declining, and the country has really been bringing in milk, spread, and cheddar from somewhere else. Other littler money harvests of the island incorporate citrus organic products, for example, oranges, and cocoa, yet the enterprises worried about those yields are significantly littler than that of the sugar area. Mining utilizes few residents, as does angling, and foresting, as lumberjacks can trade timber to nations that don't approach the equivalent tropical woods. Additionally in Jamaica is the assembling business, which as a rule represents just shy of 20% of the nation’s GDP every year. The travel industry has additionally end up being a productive market for the country, and it fills in as a social and financial lift for the country, however since the turn of the century, the travel industry has been more slow in Jamaica. Barbados’ Independence and Its Trade History Barbados accomplished its autonomy from the United Kingdom in 1966, after which the country started overseeing and managing itself. Since that time, sugar stick has end up being the best commitment to the nation’s business, and it fills in as Barbados’ most huge fare. In 1961, five years before the country’s autonomy from incredible Britain, Barbados opened the Deep Water Harbor port, situated in Bridgetown, which fills in as the nation’s fundamental port, and permits huge compartment boats and tankers to send out sugar and made items Barbados’ Manufacturing Sector Although sugar was for quite a while the principle wellspring of pay for the country, as of late, assembling and the travel industry has been expanding in Barbados. The assembling area started during the 1980s, and kept on being a gainful interest in the nation into the 1990s, as specific organizations misused the nation’s modest work to get a good deal on assembling in the United States and Europe. The United States has end up being the principle exchange accomplice of Barbados, which likewise depends on specific imports from the United States. â€Å"The United States remained Barbados driving exchange accomplice 1987 with exchanges esteemed at $189 million ($128 million in U. S. trades and $61 million in U. S. imports),† an article for Business America, entitled Barbados: economy depends on U. S. for items, speculation Business Outlook Abroad revealed of the exchange status 1988. â€Å"Moreover, Barbados kept on inviting American interest in basically all areas of the economy. Notwithstanding immediate speculators, as of late Barbados has pulled in a sizable number of American hostage safety net providers, universal business organizations, and outside deals partnerships generally through a two-sided twofold tax assessment understanding. This implies at a prior time, the economy of the country was settled by outside speculations, and fares that served to save exchange relations between the United States and Barbados. Exchange Alliances and Foreign Investments And with Barbados’ great terms with the United States came the travel industry. American, Canadian, and European vacationers furnish the country with a steady the travel industry that fills in as a primary wellspring of pay on the country. Remote premiums in the country that prompted the travel industry was fairly an atypical occasion for a Caribbean nation, as most countries in the region have not had the option to profit by the business, or draw in outside financial specialists in its business sectors as Barbados did. Significant the travel industry ventures, for example, resorts and journey undertakings keep on profiting the nation’s the travel industry, and fulfilled sightseers keep the business alive. Administrative and Private Programs in Barbados Recently, government-controlled endeavors in the country have been transforming into privatized companies. The legislature of the country isn't happy with the high joblessness rate, so it is attempting to urge private ventures to shape, and balance out themselves, since this should prompt the formation of employments. In any case, of late, broadly supported projects, for example, seaward financial endeavors, and outside trade balance by Barbados have end up being compelling methods of acquiring the country capital. Most assembling and sugar stick creation, in any case, is done in the private part, and isn't governmentally managed. This permits independent companies and ranchers to have stable job, and the consistent creation of harvests permits the country to send out the yields, yet use them itself, which diminishes Barbados’ dependence on imports from different countries. Both Jamaica and Barbados have had the option to keep up themselves somewhat, monetarily and socially since their freedoms from Britain. The advancement of Jamaica, be that as it may, was significantly more average for a West Indian country than was the improvement of Barbados, since Jamaica couldn't draw remote financial specialists and set up especially planned exchange designs as was Barbados. In this viewpoint, Barbados was substantially more fruitful than were most West Indian countries, as it had the option to keep up sends out in any event, when financial occasions were troublesome. The Jamaican economy has been encountering a bigger number of issues than that of Barbados, and expansion in Jamaica is causing significant issues. Barbados, notwithstanding, in contrast to most Caribbean countries, has had the option to bounce back, and it has a high pace of the travel industry, which furnishes the country with a consistent pace of outside salary.

Memory Keepers Daughter Literary Analysis Essay

Kim Edwards appears through the entire book that we are just human, the topics that life is outside our ability to control and through the association among misery and euphoria. Edwards utilizes plot to set up a kind of life plan. It goes all together into the future however at times skips a very long time ahead. She likewise shrewdly sets the book up with the goal that every year, or â€Å"chapter† has the two sides of the story, that of Caroline who is raising Phoebe and afterward the life of Norah and David bringing up their child Paul. As the book begins it is that of a cheerful tone with Norah conceiving an offspring and afterward prompting a discouraging and despairing tone as Dr. Henry misleads his better half disclosing to her that their little girl has kicked the bucket, to spare her from the torment of their girl having down disorder. Norah acquires and more discouragement as the years go on, continually pondering â€Å"what if†. With all the downturn going on in the story line of Norah there is an increase of solidarity in Caroline’s story line as she raises Phoebe. This shows the topic of anguish and delight. The possibility that despite the fact that the character is enduring they are the one with the most bliss. Norah Henry has everything: the specialist spouse, cash and a sound child yet at the same time needs what she never had; her girl. Caroline has battled with from the start the choice to keep Phoebe and raise her as her own, at that point battling with really raising this child young lady with down condition alone and with nobody, yet she is euphoric in the book never having the downturn that plagues Norah and her marriage with David Henry. At the point when Caroline at last observes David 18 years after the fact, she says: â€Å"You missed a great deal of despair, sure. In any case, David, you missed a ton of joy†. In the topic that life is outside our ability to control the writer Kim Edwards has the book travel during that time quickly and at a quick pace so as to exhibit how life flys by. All through the book Edwards utilizes photography as a representation indicating the character David’s developing fixation on accepting photos as an edgy endeavor to make time stop: â€Å"Photo after photograph, as though he could stop time or make a picture incredible nough to darken the second when he turned and gave his little girl to Caroline Gill†. Life may likewise feel all things considered out of their control with there being a consistent atmosphere of vulnerability or â€Å"what if† quality. That being stated, the characters at long last will consistently think about what life would have been s imilar to if David had never parted with his little girl, however think that its debilitating to ponder once they are united at long last after the passing of David. As Paul reflects toward the finish of the novel: â€Å"His mother was correct; he would never comprehend what may have occurred. The sum total of what he had were the facts†. Life was additionally appearing to be out of anyone’s control with the battle of the despairing tone through the novel with Norah turning out to be increasingly more discouraged turning into that of a consumer in Paul’s youthful life and afterward being so discontent with her marriage with David for him being removed to such an extent that she takes part in an extramarital entanglements with a man while she is out traveling to Aruba with her activity. Indeed, even with the tone the creator appears to have it progress in a fast manner similarly as the years fly by in the story line. Life is unavoidable, individuals commit errors, and the mix-ups individuals have extraordinary effect and impact them, however the individuals around them; similarly as David Henry’s botch frequented his life and tormented that of his wife’s. In everyday life there are consistently the individuals that commit errors with honest goals. The creators point wasn’t to totally make David the rival in the story yet he was that one individual who’s botch was made with apathetic sincere goals, he needed to save his gushing spouse the torment of bringing up one kid with down disorder, he didn’t need her to believe that it was her issue in at any rate. David simply needed the issue to leave not completely understanding that the issue wasn’t his girl it was him managing his own past. David Henry’s sister kicked the bucket at the youthful age of twelve and she had down condition too, it is extremely tragic that this character couldn’t manage his own past so much that he demolished his present and his future. He knew the agony that his sister having down condition had left on him and her demise that in addition to the fact that he was attempting to save his better half the torment of having a little girl with down disorder however yet the writer was attempting to pass on to the peruser that he additionally did it to shield his child from it too. Norah turns into the character you feel awful for not a hero but rather yet simply that great character who’s life unfurling before her is the aftereffect of choices from everyone around her. She is continually discouraged from speculation she lost her little girl, at that point she is likewise increasing increasingly more everlasting trouble with her significant other not letting her benefit any kind of conclusion with this or even to just come clean with her of his activities and what he had done. The connection among Norah and David becomes further and further separated with him setting himself progressively removed from her over the long haul because of his liable cognizant destroying him. At that point on an upbeat note you have Caroline, she turned as long as she can remember around for the existence decisions of David and that of herself. She raises Phoebe alone from the start continually battling for further developed learning capacities for down disorder, she increases a man in her life named Al who helped her in the earliest reference point get the chance to protect when she had chosen to keep the child yet then her vehicle wont begin in a snowstorm, he turns into her knight in sparkling shield. Al turns into a major character having searched out Caroline after forever and a day of that first experience with her and remains in her life cherishing and thinking about both her and Phoebe, he turns into the dad figure Phoebe never got the opportunity to have. Kim Edwards set up all the correct sort of characters for this plot and in each correct manner to build up the novel. At long last the topics of life being out of our control and the association among affliction and delight are obvious all through the story. Kim Edwards utilized tremendous portrayal that assisted with building up those following topics with having the correct choice of kinds of characters. The plot unquestionably has to do with building up the story, for it connects to the life is out of our control topic having time pass by so quickly showing that life is consistently steady and never halting or stopping like a photo for any person or thing. Photographs speak to recollections throughout everyday life, David got excited with requiring photos with an end goal to make time stop, perhaps catch the memory he had when he settled on the choice to part with his little girl. The allegory of David and his taking pictures integrates with the Title â€Å"the memory keeper’s daughter† for he was the memory attendant, the guardian of the greatest life mystery and falsehood. Kim Edwards made everything integrate with scholarly components of similitude, portrayal, and Plot.

Know Your Credit Score Payment History

Know Your Credit Score Payment History Know Your Credit Score: Payment History Know Your Credit Score: Payment HistoryIn this five-part series, we’re breaking down the five different categories that make up your credit score. Today we’re talking about Payment History.It’s pretty obvious that missing a payment on your credit card isn’t going to be good for your credit. But exactly how “not good” would it be? Just a little not good? Or like super duper not good?Well, as it turns out, missing a payment or making it late could have a pretty big impact on your score. That’s because your payment history is the single largest factor in determining your score.What is your payment history?  â€œYour payment history includes your on-time, late payment and missed or non-payment information,” says attorney Stephen Lesavich, PHD, (@SLesavich), best-selling author of The Plastic Effect.When a lender is assessing your application for a loan or a credit card, it’s very important to them that you make your payments on time.So if you have a history missing your payments or making them late, that sends lenders a signal that you’re likely to default on your loan altogether.How important is your payment history?Your payment history is one of the most important factors in your credit rating. It accounts for 35 percent of your overall credit score, more than any other individual factor.(However, it must be said that your Amounts Owed, which we covered last week, are also very important, accounting for 30 percent of your overall score.)With over a third of your score dependent on you making your payments, it’s safe to say that making your payments late is a bad idea.“Making late payments or missing payments if the quickest way to have your credit score drop significantly,” says LesavichWhat’s included in your payment history?“Payment history typically includes payment information for credit cards, mortgages, loans, retail accounts and lines of credit,” says Lesavich, who also lays out what those different categories include:The loa ns include student loans, auto loans, other loans, etc. that are paid in installments.The retail accounts include credit cards and lines of credit from department stores, etc.The lines of credit include home equity lines of credit and other lines of credit.”Basically, if you’ve borrowed money in any form, it’s payments are going to be reported to the credit bureaus and will factor into your score.With one notable exceptionWhat’s not included in your payment history?Notice that he didn’t include short-term bad credit loans, such as payday loans and title loans. That’s because the vast majority of these lenders do not report your payment information to the credit bureaus.While this means that missing a payment on a payday and title loan might not hurt your score, it also means that making your payments on-time won’t help your score either. Plus, if the lender decides to send your unpaid debt to a debt collection agency, the agency likely will report the debt.“Collectio n account information remains on your credit report for 7 years from the date the first account became past due causing the accounts placement with a collection agency,” says Lesavich.That’s true for all kinds of debts, whether they’re from no credit check loans, personal installment loans, a credit card, etc. If you never pay the debt, and it gets sent to collections, the account will be noted on your score.But since most payday and title loans aren’t reported to the credit bureaus in the first place, they can basically only hurt your credit score. They can’t ever help it.(And if you think that’s the only issue with these predatory short-term loans, think again.)What about payments that aren’t debt-related?Sure, paying down personal loans and credit cards accounts for a lot of the payments you’re making each month. But it’s certainly not all of them.So what about your payments on things like rent and utility bills? Are those reported to the credit bureaus?Accordin g to Lesavich, the answer is mostly no:“Most landlords for renters and service providers such as electric, cable and cell phones providers do not report payments to the credit reporting bureaus.”“However, some landlords and service providers do such reporting.  So it is always wise to check and determine if your landlord or any of your service providers do report payment history.”To learn more about how your credit score your utility payments are related, check out our blog post: How Bad Credit Can Affect Your Utilities.How does your payment history impact in your score?It’s a safe bet that making a payment late will negatively affect your credit score. But there’s no way to tell how bad it will affect it as there a lot of other factors at play.According to Lesavich, the impact of a late payment on your score will depend on:“Your current credit score“Amount of days the payment was late“How much money was owed for the payment“Total number of times you made a late payment“When the late payment occurred with respect to the when the credit score was calculated.”One of the reasons it can be had to determine how much a late payment will affect your credit score is that you actually have multiple scores.Each of the three major credit bureausâ€"Experian, TransUnion, and Equifaxâ€"maintains their own version of your credit report. Your exact score depends on which score is used to create your credit score.And that’s not all. It can depend on which specific formula is used as well.“It is important to note, says Lesavich, “that the credit reporting bureaus, etc. have all developed their own proprietary credit scoring models.  Such proprietary credit scoring models are never fully published or disclosed.”“As a result, any discussion of credit scores is always a best guess estimate. It can be used to predict a reasonable range to approximate your credit score, but your own credit  score may vary with a late payment.”Lesavich does, how ever, offer the following example of how a late payment could affect your score:“A single 30-day late payment typically reduces a person’s credit score by 60-110 points (e.g., ranging from 60-80 points if your credit score is in the 600s, to about 80-110 points if your credit score is in the 700s, etc.).”That’s a lot! But notice that he mentioned a payment that was 30 days late. Generally speaking, most lenders have a “grace period” after a due date is missed before they will report it.So if you’ve missed a payment by a few days, go ahead and make that payment ASAP. It could mean a huge difference to your score.“Late payment or missed payment information will typically remain on your credit report for seven years,” says Lesavich. Read more in our blog post How One Late Payment Can Affect Your Credit.What should you do if you’ve made a late payment?Lesavich has some sage words of advice regarding what to do if you’ve missed a payment:“Everybody can and typical ly does face a life situation (e.g., illness, accident, birth, death, etc.) in which a late payment is made.“If you have not made a late payment in the past, or have done so very infrequently, check with your credit card provider, bank or loan provider and explain your situation.  They may not report the late payment to the credit reporting bureaus.”Remember, a credit score is dynamic. It can change, and it frequently does change as life circumstances change. If you make a late payment or miss a payment and it lowers your credit score, do not get discouraged.Instead, view the situation from an empowered position, which gives you an opportunity to take control and initiate change.”“Then, make a plan with action steps you can accomplish to change to your credit card purchasing and debt management practices by making all your payments on-time and not make any late payment or miss any payments.”We couldn’t agree more. Check back with Know Your Credit Score next week when we ’ll be writing about your Credit Mix!Check out the rest of our Know Your Credit Score blog series:Credit ScoresPayment HistoryAmounts OwedLength of Credit HistoryTypes of Credit UsedRecent Credit InquiriesWhat kinds of questions do you have about your credit score?  We want to hear from you! You can  email us  or you can find us on  Facebook  and  Twitter.  Visit OppLoans on  YouTube  |  Facebook  |  Twitter  |  LinkedINContributorsStephen Lesavich, PhD, JD,  (@SLesavich) is an attorney, credit card expert, award-winning and best-selling author of  â€œThe Plastic Effect: How Urban Legends Influence the Use and Misuse of Credit Cards”.

The Perception of Listening Essay - 1756 Words

The Perception of Listening Listen up! Are you really listening? What is Listening and why is it important? This paper will address the viewpoint of listening skills and its outcome. Listening is an essential tool, which is one of the constructive aspects in the communication process, for communicating with other people. To listen well is a talent that is learned. However, for people to listen effectively, they would need to practice to obtain the skill. †As with any new skill, learning to listen takes effort, attention, and practice† (Stewart, 2006, p. 202).Listening skills allow people to make sense of and understand what another person is saying. In other words, listening skills allow you to identify with the meaning of what people†¦show more content†¦Although developing listening skills is a matter of choice, it is imperative everyone accomplish effective listening habits to avoid misunderstanding in all relationships. How to Listen The first aspect of listening is to learn how to listen effectively. In today’s society, communicating appropriately has everything to do with listening. Learning to be a good listener will help improve all relationships both professionally and personally. If people do not know how to listen well, they can easily be distracted and their mind will start to wander. Since listening plays an essential role in the communication process, developing listening skills are important because they will help interpret what the speaker is saying during feedback. In other words, the listener should be able to respond to what the speaker talked about for clarification purposes. Accordingly, becoming a better listener, and depending on the situation, there are three types of listening strategies that would be beneficial to ensure effective communication with other people. Hybels and Weaver (2007) states that â€Å"active listening, critical listening, and empathic listening are three different tactics that can be used in diverse situations† (p. 92).For instance, critical listeners’ focal point is to listen with determination and an open mind. They need to recognize and expect to learn something new from the speaker and ask questions about their viewpoints. AShow MoreRelatedThe Perception of Listening1162 Words   |  5 PagesThe Perception of Listening Listen up! Are you really listening? What is listening and why is it important? This paper will address the viewpoint of listening skills and its outcome. Listening is an essential tool, which is one of the constructive aspects in the communication process, for communicating with other people. To listen well is a talent that is learned. 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Book Review about The Viewpoints Book A Practical Guide to Viewpoints and Composition

Historical Background and Overview of the Book The term Viewpoints as used in theater arts refers to a set of terminologies given to some specific principles of motion/movement through time and space; they simply describe what happens on the stage. The viewpoints can also be defined as an improvisation technique that emanated from the postmodern world of dance. The technique was developed in the 1970s by choreographer Mary Overili by breaking down space and time. Composition on the other hand is the art of selecting and arranging the individual components of theatre language into a combined work of art. Directors Anne Bogart and Tina Landau expanded and adapted Overilie’s viewpoints for actors to work spontaneously and instinctively generating a bold theatrical art. Mary Overilie influenced Anne Bogart during their collaboration at the New York University in the late 1970s and early 1980s. While Overlie’s six viewpoints (space, time, story, movement, emotion and space) are viewed as a logical way of examining and an alyzing movement (as in dance), Bogart’s view points are considered practical steps in uniting the stage and actors. The Viewpoint Book: A Practical Guide to viewpoints and composition, authored by Anne Bogart and Tina Landau, identifies and explains the viewpoints as those associated with time (tempo, duration, kinesthetic response and repetition) and those associated to space namely (shape, architecture, spatial relationship and topography). In this book Bogart and Tina introduced the vocal view points which are pitch, timbre and dynamic. They explain the basics of viewpoints training giving specific methods and examples of using the viewpoints in rehearsal and actual production. While to Overlie the viewpoints merely represented a physical technique in Borgart’s and Tina’s book they are also an aesthetic and spiritual aspect of theatrical work. It is also worth noting that while according to Overlie the story always takes permanence over the other elements according to Bogart and Tina the viewpoints are not ordered but are simply equal in importance. Bogart refers to her work at th e SITI Company while Tina refers to her work at the Steppenwolf Theater Company. Description of Bogart’s and Tina’s viewpoints Bogart’s and Tina’s view points as described in their book are those that relate to time and space. While the story, emotion and movement are part of the original Overlie’s viewpoints Bogart and Tina did not give them attention instead choosing to add vocal viewpoints to the viewpoints of time and space. Suffice to say that space limitation can only allow a brief description of the said viewpoints in this paper without going into the detailed example of how they are employed in theater. Bogart developed the viewpoint movement as an integral part of her work as a theater director to prepare actors to become â€Å"creators† to create a common feel, collaborative vocabulary and encourage spontaneity. The viewpoints, particularly the viewpoint improvisation enhance the actors’ sense of compositional choice giving them the ultimate freedom so that they are not merely puppets of the director. Therefore in Bogart’s and Tina’s book the viewpoi nt improvisation is not merely a technique but a philosophical approach to motion on the stage and organizing movement on the stage. Their viewpoints primarily encompassed Spatial relationship, Architecture, Shape, Repetition, Kinesthetic response, Gesture and Tempo (Bogart and Landau 6). These are the viewpoints described here below. Bogart’s and Tina’s practical guide to viewpoint and composition describes Spatial Relationship as the distance between objects on the stage. It could be the distance between an actor and another, between groups or between actors and architecture. Proper use of spatial relationship therefore creates a dynamic stage picture where movement of a small group causes the rest of the group to move thus maintain a strong spatia (Bogart and Landau 11). Architecture has to do with the physical environment of the stage which includes permanent and non-permanent features. More specifically it is the actor’s use of or relationship to architecture. According to Bogart this viewpoint is probably the hardest to work with as it demands that the actor views and uses the architecture as a partner in the art. This basically means that the actor has to explore the room making the walls, the windows, the trees, the floor and many other physical components his/her set (Bogart and Landau 52). The actor has to let these physical components speak to him/her and such an actor who not only works with other actors but with their physical environment expresses a deep character.   Architecture, spatial relationship and topography (movement along the landscape- which is not elaborately described in the book) are the space related viewpoints. Kinesthetic response is the spontaneous reaction to an external stimuli or motion. In theater it is the actor’s response in moment to what is occurring in the room, the timing of movement (Bogart and Landau 8). The book gives an example of how an actor suddenly running across the floor would initiate a lot subconscious activity on the floor. Although all the viewpoints are important Bogart recons that this may probably the most important view point. The book implores actors to be sensitive to the potential flow of timing and to be aware that sudden motions, sounds and even shapes could be useful in initiating a spontaneous and immediate reaction. Repetition is repeating of movements, shapes or even sounds either by an individual actor or in relationship to other actors (Bogart and Landau 9). For example an actor may repeat a gesture again and again or an actor may do a certain gesture which is then repeated by the group. The book suggests that repetition is the most important viewpoint for building mise en scene and that repetition builds the character’s depth. Tempo has to do with the speed or the pace of occurrences on the stage (Bogart and Landau 38). It was previously considered part of kinesthetic response but Bogart and Tina started treating them separately. Duration refers to the length of time before changing an event on the stage for instance how long an actor or a group maintains a certain tempo, movement, shape, gesture and/ or sound events occur before changing it (Bogart and Landau 41). These three viewpoints are time related viewpoints. Shape refers to contouring body’s outline in space; it has to do with the outline of the body individually or in relation to others or to the physical environment (Bogart and Landau 47). Bogart instructs actor to explore creating sculptures without thinking on how the shape will turn out but focusing on allowing various shapes to be created through them as they enjoy the shapes. While gesture was initially considered part of shape Bogart distinguished the two stating that a gesture has a start point, middle and end while shape gradually takes the actor from one shape to another (Bogart and Landau 51). Bogart considers gesture to be purely cultural and urges actors to embrace the stereotype and to do it whole heartedly so as to make it work. The book also tackles the use of sound describing it as the vocal viewpoints which include timbre, pitch and dynamic (Bogart and Landau 105). The vocal viewpoints are unlike the others it has to do with sound and not movement, the other vie wpoints are thus referred to as the physical viewpoints. Having described each viewpoint Bogart and Tina assert that each actor has choose the viewpoint s/he finds easiest to work with. After a while each actor chooses another viewpoint and works wit it eventually choosing the one s/he found difficult and â€Å"doing it with vengeance†.   Viewpoints improvisation therefore develops the sensitivity of the actor to create composition. Other compositional aspects According to Bogart response is the foundation of the viewpoint improvisation philosophy because improvisation is all about reacting and not initiating action; it is not about making things happen but rather seeing things happen. The actor needs to be aware of the entire room and respond to it. Another important aspect of the viewpoint improvisation is that of discovery. In addition to being a series of responses viewpoint improvisation is a series of discoveries or a journey of making discovery with each stimulus presenting potential for a new discovery (Bogart and Landau 204). The book encourages actors to discover together and work with the ideas in other words share the idea with the audience. The spirit of enjoying discovery appears to be important in the viewpoint improvisation. The book also identifies fast paced movements as having blurring effect on composition thus encourages the actor to employ stillness (avoiding movement) and listen to what is happening in the room(Bogart and Landau 70). The book also encourages actors to use more variation in the composition stating that there should be differentiation (Bogart and Landau 52). Bogart and Tina also emphasizes on the need for clarity and specificity rather than doing general movements (Bogart and Landau 74). Finally Bogart and Tina comment that though stories and emotions are part of the viewpoint they are just â€Å"icing on the cake† stating that their occurrence shouldn’t be a deliberate effort thus should only be enjoyed. Bogart’s and Tina’s book is a guide to the use of the viewpoints- Spatial relationship, shape, architecture, repetition, kinesthetic response, gesture and tempo- in acting to give the actors an awareness that helps them create the structure within which they can work. The book focuses on aspects of formal composition rather than on the narrative. Bogart acknowledges that there are other viewpoints and that she only describes the ones she finds most applicable with the actors she works with. Works Cited Bogart, Anne and Tina Landau. The Viewpoints Book: A Practical Guide To Viewpoints And Composition. New York: Theatre Communications Group, 2005.

The Psychological Effects of Prisons Essay - 1142 Words

The Psychological Effects of Prisons I have visited some of the best and the worst prisons and have never seen signs of coddling, but I have seen the terrible results of the boredom and frustration of empty hours and pointless existence -former U.S. Supreme Court Justice Warren Burger If recent incarceration rates remain unchanged, an estimated 1 out of every 20 persons (5.1%) will serve time in a prison during their lifetime. -U.S. Department of Justice One of the largest problems with the prison issue in America today is that it gets little attention. Unlike education, pollution or gun control people are usually not concerned enough to get involved with the problem until it happens to someone they love or†¦show more content†¦This study represents a parallel to the behavior found in incarcerated humans. Jails cause the same psychological side effects as prisons, to a smaller degree, in the effects of being en-caged, however, the overall standard of living in jails is much higher. There is a decent relationship between the guards and the jailers. The jailers are allowed to interact with the same people on their block between lockdown times. Lock-down is when the jailers are confined to their cells, usually at night and for a short while in the day, during a change of shift. This method allows inmates to play cards, watch TV together and at very least walk around something else besides their cell. The prison system, ho wever, usually remains in lockdown all the time, although they can speak to each other, they usually cant see each other without a mirror. Observing these two methods, and what little problems there are in jails as opposed to prisons leads me to believe that if you treat a human being like a human being they will act like a human being. If you lock them in a cage all day they may as well act like an animal. (Prison Activist Resource Center, 1-3) People sometimes argue this case stating that the offenses committed by jailers are less serious than by prisoners and that prisons are more hostile because they house the more serious offenders. These people forget that jails hold people before they areShow MoreRelatedThe Stanford Prison Experiment : Psychological Effect On Prisoners And Prison Guards1341 Words   |  6 PagesPurpose: The Stanford prison experiment was a study conducted by Professor Phillip Zimbardo about psychological effect on prisoners and prison guards. He conducted the experiment because he wanted to find out whether the brutality of guards in American prisons was due to sadistic personalities of the guards or the behaviors of the guards towards the prisoners had to with prison Environment. The study elicited pathological reactions from many of the participant. The purpose of the study was to understandRead MorePsychological Effects Of Becoming A Prisoner Or Prison Guard1189 Words   |  5 PagesZimbardo conducted an experiment to study the psychological effects of becoming a prisoner or prison guard. This experiment turned into something much more than just an experiment, it became a lesson. The experiment and its results became known as the Stanford Prison Experiment. A quote from Zimbardo himself said, How we went about testing these questions and what we found may astound you. Our planned two-week investigation into the psychology of prison life had to be ended after only six days becauseRead MoreThe Stanford Prison Experiment : Psychological Effects Of A Prisoner And Guard Scenario1271 Words   |  6 Pagesinto a strong piece of iron. The Stanford Prison Experiment was a study put together by Phillip Zambardo to test the psychological effects of a prisoner and guard scenario in a mock prison setting. The experiment lasted seven to fourteen days and was comprised of twenty-four male students, who were picked at random to take part in the experiment. The role of guard and prisoner were also selected at random. The mock prisoners were subjugated to psychological abuse, harsh authoritarian rule by the guardsRead MoreStanford Prison Experiment : Behavior And Psychological Effects Of Becoming A Guard And A Prisoner Essay798 Words   |  4 PagesSta nford Prison Experiment The Stanford Prison Experiment conducted by Zimbardo in the summer of 1971 to study the behavior and the psychological effects of becoming a guard and a prisoner. This experiment was supposed to be a two-week experiment, but that was not the case it only ended after six days due to the difficulties and the stress that the guards and the prisoners were experiencing. The methodology behind this experiment was to get volunteers for the study by posting it in the local newspaperRead MoreI Chose The Topic Of Prison Psychology With A Focus On1198 Words   |  5 Pagestopic of prison psychology with a focus on the Stanford prison experiment and the psychological effects of systematic abuse. Zimbardo, Philip G. Revisiting the Stanford Prison Experiment: A Lesson in the Power of Situation. The Chronicle of Higher Education, no. 30, 2007. EBSCOhost, ezproxy.uhd.edu/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=truedb=edsgbcAN=edsgcl.161992127site=eds-livescope=site. The Stanford Prison Experiment was a study on the psychological effects of authorityRead MoreEssay on Cost of Incarceration1308 Words   |  6 Pagesis the act of placing someone in prison. Incarceration serves as a punishment for criminals due to their actions against the law. It is a solution for keeping the public safe. 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PSYCHOLOGICAL BREAKDOWN IN THE STANFORD PRISON EXPERIMENT 3 The article on the Stanford Prison Experiment titled, A Study of Prisoners and Guards in a Simulated Prison and written by the Office of Naval Research, provides us with the overall information that deals with this controversial psychological study. The study was conducted by Doctors Craig Haney, Curtis Banks and headed by Doctor PhillipRead MorePrison And The Prison System Essay1472 Words   |  6 Pagesdiscouragement for humans is through the prison system. Because of this, these humans or inmates, are sentenced to spend a significant part of their life in a confined, small room. With that being said, the prison life can leave a remarkable toll on the inmates life in many different categories. The first and arguably most important comes in the form of mental health. Living in prison with have a great impact on the psychological part of your life. For example, The prison life is a very much different way

Entrepreneurship and Small Business Management

Question: Discuss about the Entrepreneurship and Small Business Management. Answer: Introduction NZ Supply Ltd is a New Zealand based company which started its journey as a small company but due to their dedication towards their customers, they earned much profit every year and with the profit they started their own venture in 2004. Shortly after doing so, they earned a profit of $2 million from the sale of $10 million appliances which was a great leap for the company. Initially the company worked only in the Northern part of the island but later they expanded their market to the Southern Island too (Chung, 2014). The company lacks in proper information system and promotional strategies. The report discusses about how the business works and what they should do so that they can do much better. Also, the SWOT analysis is performed in order to help them find their strengths and weaknesses. NZ Supply Ltd is one of the biggest distributors of Appliance parts across the country. It was originally started by Tom Mitchell and his wife Sarah who owned a shop in Central Auckland. The company that they started grew gradually and in 2004 using capital for venture earned a good profit every year. From the sale of $10 million, NZ Supply turned $2 million in profit with over 80 retailers in North Island and 20 retailers in South Island. For the central distribution part, they purchased a warehouse in Penrose. Majority of the company operates from in the Northern part of the Island so they decided to expand their business in the Southern part for which they set up their company to Christchurch in South Island (Peteraf, Gamble Thompson Jr, 2014). Initially the South Island is a small distribution center who was responsible for the distribution of products to the retailers. In the year 2011, the company opened a regional office in a small warehouse that they purchased in Christchurc h which was mainly used for central distribution and retailing where they received products in bulk amount (Trinkunas, Rusinaite Vasilecas, 2015). The main objective was to provide delivery services to all the customers three times more. Packaged products were dispatched from Auckland and Christchurch after they received any confirmation phone calls or email from the retailers. The company had a total of six cars and four vans on the road for six days a week for the Northern part of the Island and two cars and a large van for local deliveries around Christchurch (Sawang, Parker Hine, 2016). Description of NZ Supply Ltd NZ Supply Ltd is a New Zealand based company which is a renowned organization and is the biggest supplier of appliances. The market of NZ Supply Ltd has gradually grown and is recognized worldwide. Initially the company started its company as a small organization after which they used the capital that they earned from the profit each year and opened a chain of their own (Schaper et al., 2014). At the very beginning, the company was recognized in the northern part only but later due to their popularity they went on expanding their market in the Southern part also (Ates et al., 2013). For the transportation purpose, they had a total of six cars and four vans that worked continuously for six days in the Northern part and for the Southern Part, two large cars and a large van were used. The company was organized by a General Manager, Office Manager, Marketing Manager, North Island Distribution Manager, HR Manager and Christchurch Manager and IS Support Technician. Casual laborers were bou ght in the company when there is huge demand for the appliances (Kasemsap, 2015). The only problem that the company faced was the lack of proper information system. The company till date uses the outdated system just for some calculation part and storing data. Strategy Evaluation and Future Prospect of NZ Supply Ltd The company is a well renowned organization in New Zealand and in order to expand its market to greater extent; it needs to work out in some areas where they had greater chance of improving. The very first thing that they need to improve is to advertise their company so that it gets recognized by many MNCs and they get promoted (Jeston Nelis, 2014). The second thing that they need to look after is to improve their information system where they can monitor everything also they can store all their crucial information and store their backup (Al-Mamary et al., 2014). The system that they are using currently is mostly outdated and need to be replaced. The third thing that they can do is that they need to manufacture something more innovative so that they are recognized within their own country (Chung, 2014). In this way they will be one step ahead of their competition and people will look up to them. Improving on these sections can greatly help the company to grow in future. With the advertisement in the social media is perfect as everything is digitalized and news over social media spread like fire. With the promotional techniques they will get recognized more by some MNCs which will help them to grow even more and make a name for themselves (Baltzan Phillips, 2016). With the installation of new and improved information system they can easily evaluate the market and get to know more about the market and also about their own company. With the help of information system, they can also perform all their work more effectively and there will be no need to enter any data manually. Better decision making is also possible with the help of new and improved information system (Al-Mamary et al., 2014). Also producing something out of the blue will definitely help them to gain reorganization in the global market and help them to make tie ups with many new companies. The company was started by John Mitchell and his wife and gradually it went to become one of the biggest suppliers of appliances and also got reorganization in its own country. The company earned profit every year from which they started their own venture in the year 2004 and expanded their market when they bought a warehouse in Penrose, Auckland. Initially Penrose was the main distribution center and later the company saw that they need to expand their market to the southern part also so they bought a warehouse in Christchurch where all the major retail operations were done. The main objective of the company was to connect with as many people as they can so that they get that much reorganization that they can expand globally. But due to the lack of proper information system and promotional strategies, they were still lacking. Conclusion NZ Supply Ltd did whatever they could in order to grab the market but still there were some shortcomings that were never fully met. In order to be the best, they need to rectify all those shortcomings by installing proper information system and get rid of those outdated system. With the help of proper information system, better decisions can be made which will help the company to grow more and more. Also the promotional; strategies should be applied properly and they should make sure that it reach out to maximum of people. References Al-Mamary, Y. H., Shamsuddin, A., Abdul Hamid, N. A. (2014). The role of different types of information systems in business organizations: a review.International Journal of Research (IJR),1(7). Ates, A., Garengo, P., Cocca, P., Bititci, U. (2013). The development of SME managerial practice for effective performance management.Journal of Small Business and Enterprise Development,20(1), 28-54. Baltzan, P., Phillips, A. (2016).Business driven information systems. McGraw Hill Education. Chung, S. (2014). Improving the Business Value of IS. InApproaches and Processes for Managing the Economics of Information Systems(pp. 67-81). IGI Global. Jeston, J., Nelis, J. (2014).Business process management. Routledge. Kasemsap, K. (2015). The role of information system within enterprise architecture and their impact on business performance.Technology, innovation, and enterprise transformation, 262-284. Peteraf, M., Gamble, J., Thompson Jr, A. (2014).Essentials of strategic management: The quest for competitive advantage. McGraw-Hill Education. Sawang, S., Parker, R., Hine, D. (2016). How Small Business Advisory Program Delivery Methods (Collective Learning, Tailored, and Practice?Based Approaches) Affect Learning and Innovation.Journal of Small Business Management,54(1), 244-261. Schaper, M. T., Volery, T., Weber, P. C., Gibson, B. (2014). Entrepreneurship and small business. Trinkunas, J., Rusinaite, T., Vasilecas, O. (2015). Research on Improving Dynamic Business Procesess in HIS.

Scandinavian Hero Beowulf Essay Example

Scandinavian Hero Beowulf Essay Scandinavian Hero Beowulf BY Rya-FreiJ Rya FreiJ Mr. Hamas English Honors 3 20 November 2013 The Undercover Wulf Beowulf, the Old-English epic poem, is characteristic of its Nordic-Germanic roots as a tale of a great Scandinavian hero Beowulf, who saves a neighboring kingdom from the wrath of the destructive, blood-thirsty monster, Grendel, and eventually becomes the king of his own people, the Geats. Closely related to modern day tribal and gang customs, it is questioned as to whether Beowulf should be considered a hero. He proves to be a great warrior and protector by killing three terrorizing beasts, a rovider by bringing back great treasures from each of his exploits, and faithful by always looking out for his tribe and fghting in their honor. The true question to be asked is, can tribal mentality produce a worthy hero? The answer is, yes. Steven Pressfield further explains what tribal mentality actually is in his article Tribes, Gangs, and Terrorists. Although Beowulf had done shameful things in the past, Beowulf is still considered a Viking hero and a modern hero because of his actions through the story such as strength, which prove that tribal culture and mentality can roduce a worthy hero. In the days of Beowulf and the Vikings, a hero was a man who was strong and courageous, willing and able to protect his tribe and provide for his people. Even today, the meaning of this word translates into the same category of definitions. A hero now is considered for the brave things they have done and selflessness that they possess. We will write a custom essay sample on Scandinavian Hero Beowulf specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Scandinavian Hero Beowulf specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Scandinavian Hero Beowulf specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The narrators portrayal of Beowulf is nothing but heroic from his first mentioning, where he is described as [The] mightiest man on earth, (97), The noble warrior, (314), and The man whose name was known for ourage, the Great leader, (340-341). Anglo-Saxon warriors had to be stoic, and they had to appear fearless at all times. This relates to Beowulf because both showed no fear or sorrow. He kept his word and did not complain, no matter how impossible their tasks seem. Also in the article Tribes, Gangs, and Terrorists explains, The foe is granted full honor as a fghting man and defender of his home soil and values. Honor is one of the main characteristics in a hero that is presented to the world today, so how is tribal mentality different than the mentality than a hero? Actions of a erson describe whether a person is considered a hero, not their mentality. In Beowulf, Beowulf fights three different monsters. The first monster he fights is Grendel, the second is Grendels mom, and the third is a dragon. When travelling to Hrothgars land to slay the beasts, it shows as to how he and his men feel towards the monsters. Tribes are hostile to all outsiders, Steven Pressfield explains. Taking into consideration that the monsters are considered outsiders to Beowulf and his men, his heroic reaction to save his allies and companions expresses how the tribal system s connected to the thought that modern tribal mentality can produce a worthy hero. Each fght shows an important part of Beowulf. The fght with Grendel and Beowulf exhibits Beowulfs sheer strength and power which is explained in the quote, The encountered in any man on the face of the earth (749-752). Beowulf survives a handgrip that is supposedly tighter than anything he had ever encountered. In the second fight, Beowulf struggles against Grendels mom. Grendels mom grabs Beowulf a lot and Beowulf struggles to escape every time. When he hit Grendels mother with his sword, it bounces off and does merely nothing. This fight shows Beowulfs weaknesses and struggles. In the third and final fight, Beowulf and a small army fight a dragon. This happens nearly fifty years after the fght with Grendel and his mom. That final day was the first time when Beowulf fought and fate denied him of glory in battle, (2571-2573) is the first battle Beowulf had ever lost. If slaying three infamous hell bound creatures was not heroic, than what else is? Tribal mentality bands together beliefs, morals and the survival of their group. They are narrow minded, irrational, and closed to outside interference. They move and respond as a group. They tend to be very basic, killing anything that threatens their closed group. The article Tribes, Gangs, and Terrorists written by Steven Pressfield explains, Tribes prize loyalty and cohesion. Beowulf valued a sense of community and camaraderie. Anglo-Saxon and tribal behavior and goals are quite similar. After Beowulf passes away, Wiglaf announces that there will not be peace or pact-keeping of any sort from the Swedes, (2922-23) because that was what Beowulf wants. He does not wish to see his empire that he made crumble into oblivion. This also represents the revenge, which is a main part in the tribal culture. Any insult to honor must be avenged, (Pressfleld, 2011, pg. 1). Swedes had been insulting and harassing the Geats for a while by then, so with Beowulf gone, it was time for the team to take revenge. Just like modern heroes today. Heroes know when to take revenge for the loved ones that they have lost but in the right way. Beowulf took the lives of the monsters out of revenge and for the safety of everyone that surrounds him and the people that he cares about. The epic poem Beowulf focuses on the hero. Throughout various generations and cultures, people have had an image of the archetypal hero. The Anglo-Saxon ideals of heroism were strength, bravery, and loyalty, which were exactly the qualities that Beowulf possessed. Beowulf, as a result, is an icon of his ancient Germanic heritage. He imitates the world around him by reflecting past traditions of heroes and mirrors their characteristics and actions. With him, his honor and pride make him not only a hero of his own time, but also a hero for generations to come. In all, tribal mentality whether centuries old compared to modern day does produce a worthy hero; heroes that can and are willing to protect the people that they love and surround them.

Free Sample Essay on Five Stages of Grief

Free Sample Essay on Five Stages of Grief Because death is an inevitable, natural fact of life, grief is only just as natural. â€Å"Grief† is defined as a deep sorrow, especially one that is caused by someone’s death. Some handle the death of a loved one better than others. Others, well, it tears them up inside and continues to negatively affect them for the rest of their life. Nonetheless, there is generally a process that a person tends to experience beginning after the passing of a loved one, and it starts with the initial shock of losing a dearly loved person and ends with finally accepting their passing. One model that explains the process of grieving is Elizabeth Kubler-Ross’ model â€Å"The Five Stages of Grief† – in which there is 1) Denial, 2) Anger, 3) Bargaining, 4) Depression and 5) Acceptance. Denial happens to people when they first lose a person to death and can’t believe it has happened. They deny it. It is essentially a stage of shock, numbness, and disbelief. They are not denying the death has occurred; they are more so experiencing this mentality: â€Å"I can’t believe this person, whom I love so much and came to depend on, will never be around to embrace again.† This thought process serves to protect the grieving because to understand this reality all at once would be too intense and overwhelming for the living loved ones. Eventually one asks, â€Å"How did this happen?† and â€Å"Why?† But this is natural; it’s a sign that they are moving out of the denial phase and into the process of healing. The second stage is anger – at oneself, at God, at the loved one, at the world. It is often kept bottled up inside until it turns into guilt – guilt that more could have been done to prevent this loved one’s death. But this is a completely natural response to loss. Recognizing this anger phase of the process of grieving and being able to control these strong emotions is a crucial step to moving on toward acceptance. You may also like: What are the qualities of a good friend? Pandas: Failure in a cute disguise Persuasive essay on Allan Edgar Poes story The art of effective problem-solving Argumentative essay on violence in children and the media Bargaining is the third stage. This occurs when the grieving person wants life to be like it used to be when the deceased was still alive and well. They essentially fixate on going back in time in order to prevent the death from happening in the first place. It is the â€Å"If only† mentality. This keeps the person focused on the past – and they avoid dealing with the emotions of the present, the reality of the deceased. Depression is the fourth stage of grieving, according to Elizabeth Kubler-Ross’ model of â€Å"The Five Stages of Grief.† It is when the person who has lost a loved one and who is grieving enters a darker level – one with intense feelings of emptiness and sadness. When daily habits become a burden, and joy is hard to find in any event or experience. It is not a mental illness at this point, per se, but a natural response to loss. In this stage, the griever allows himself or herself to begin accepting the loss. At this point, they allow themselves to feel the pain, loss, grief and sadness that comes  with the death of a loved one. This is crucial to healing – experiencing these emotions for this reason. The fifth and final stage of the grieving process is acceptance. It is not the cure to grief, as the loss of a dearly loved one can impact a person for the rest of their lives. Acceptance only means the person who has lost a loved one is ready to try and move on – to accommodate themselves in this world without the loved one. This is a process that everyone experience in one shape or form. It is one that can actually bring a person closer to the departed, the loved one, with a clear sense of the previous life and clear understanding how they want life to be now.

UK on-line advertising Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

UK on-line advertising - Essay Example Being at the so called â€Å"digital age†,people tend to go online whenever possible whether to chat,buy products or services,or even finding a job.When you go over the internet, you will see a lot of advertisement regarding various products being posted. Even job orders are being posted online by various companies. While other advertisers tend to spend millions of dollars on television networks, newspapers or magazines, and radio advertisement, there are some advertisers that would rather invest their money with online advertising. It is the current trend in the world of advertising to go over the internet and post ads. But is it really worth spending posting in an online advertisement? What is the level of reliability that consumers who are taking risk that they would not be scammed in availing products or services in an online advertisement? In countries like the United Kingdom, online advertising has a potential market. According to the statistics done by the UK government , between 2001/02 and 2006 the proportion of adults in Great Britain who had used the Internet in the last three months increased by one-quarter, from 48 per cent to 60 per cent wherein, 59 per cent of the 16 years old and over go online almost every day and 4 per cent go online less than once a month. Internet usage is more common among the young people, wherein 84 per cent of people age 16 – 24 go online compare to older people, wherein 54 per cent are 55 – 64 and 15 per cent are 65 and over. ... bility to businesses to customers is easier compare on television and radio wherein, customers can easily interact via internet to the ads posted by advertisers. On the other hand, advertisers can easily access positive or negative customer feedbacks, monitor the customer needs, and communicate faster but cheaper to customers via internet through the websites. Websites have become an essential means to communicate with customers. In 2005, 70 per cent of the businesses online have a website while the proportion of businesses that sold via internet was doubled between 2002 and 2005, from 7 to 15 per cent. In 2005, the sales value over the Internet was ?103 Tan 3 Billion. This accounted for 34 per cent of sales across all kinds of ICT by non-financial sector businesses. The usual Internet activity by nine out of ten or 91 per cent of young internet users was sending or receiving emails. Other activities included were: finding information about goods or services which is 77 per cent, dow nloading software which is 55 per cent, and reading or downloading online news or magazines which is 54 per cent. Meanwhile, seven out of ten or 70 per cent young internet users stated that they had purchased goods or services online.   The increasing demands and internet usage had made advertisers in UK believed that online advertising is important and that has great opportunity. They have seen some potential in doing so because the online become a direct response medium wherein the marketing budgets being stretched to their very limits, and the online has proved its worth. Another is the growth of new display format wherein the internet has become an entertainment medium because of its interactive multimedia content. There is also the booming of e-commerce wherein people shopping choice

Elements of Western History since 1500 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Elements of Western History since 1500 - Essay Example How did the effects of Absolutism and the Enlightenment influence and impact the French Revolution? Absolutism refers to the fact that the ruling class of a nation us not held accountable by the people for their actions (Schwab & Jeanneney 229). In the case of France in the 1600s and the 1700s, this was the case because the ruling class had formed an elite social structure around the monarchy and royal family of the country. This group practiced what is popularly known as oligopoly where this small group of people in the French society controlled all the wealth and power of the nation. The common citizens of France lived under harsh conditions because they had no rights to question or go against the rules and principles of the ruling class. Consequently, the ruling class become more distant from the citizens. Also, due to the fact that the ruling class were seldom questioned of their actions and decisions, there was a trend of inefficiency and corruption in the control of state resou rces and this affected the poor in France more. This caused the masses in France, who were most affected by the inefficiencies of the ruling class to seek intervention and change. Enlightenment refers to a a trend where scholars and other influential citizens in Sixteenth and Seventh Century Europe sought to question existing trends in the society and rationalize the need for new methods (Wilson & Reill 3). In the case of France, scholars like Voltaire, Montesquieu and D'Holbech sought the â€Å"massive salvation of the people† through seeking accountability amongst the ruling class through a constitution, equal rights and egalitarianism and the fair use of scientific methods in ensuring efficiency and a better quality of life. This campaign was accepted by the masses in France and this played a major role in building the consciousness and stirring up a general dissatisfaction and action against the French Monarch and the ruling class. This became the genesis of the French Re volution which sought to destroy the dominance of the ruling class in France and establish a system of equality and the promotion of the welfare of people in the country. Question 2 The differences between constitutional monarchy and absolutist monarchy and how it was established in England and France before, during the 1600s and 1700s. A constitutional monarchy is one that derives its power legitimately through the people and there is a law that spells out the rights and responsibilities of the ruler and the ruled (Wilson & Riell 3). On the other hand, an absolute monarchy is one where the power of the rulers is deemed to emanate from some special attributes or qualities of the monarchs (Wilson & Riell 3). In the case of Medieval Europe, the most popular attribute that supported absolute monarchies was the divine backing of the royal government, confirmed by the earthly powers of the Catholic Church. England practiced a constitutional monarchy that can be traced through the evoluti on of the the kingdom and its ruling structures. Martland (199) identifies that the British monarchy had simultaneously sought to develop three arms of government since the Norman conquests. This is evident by the fact that the Crown sought to codify the common legal systems of England right after the conquest in the 1200s. This became the foundation for a legal system that was upheld above the King of England and it became the regulatory force of the nation and spelt out the rights and responsibilities of the rulers and the ruled by the 1600s. The second aspect of the English monarchy is the fact that the king, since the 14th Century had a body of sworn advisers who examined every ordinance and pardon of the king before it was passed into law. The third element was the representation of the people of England through a constituted parliament that represented the concerns of the nobles as well as the commoners in a national discourse. These three arms formed some kind of

Discovery Of Oil In Ghana Economics Essay

Discovery Of Oil In Ghana Economics Essay Since the discovery of oil in deep-water offshore the coast of Ghana in 2007, the nation has had amplified expectations on possible accelerated economic growth and development. This black gold if managed well has the propensity to transform a structurally week economy into a self-sustain economy or can lead to social, economic and political instability as evidenced in some resource rich countries where their economies are characterized by corruption, poverty, and conflict. As Ghana becomes a member of league of oil producing countries, it is imperative that the country considers available successful options for effective allocation of its oil windfalls. This paper examines policy instruments that the Ghanaian governments can adopt to promote rapid improvement in development indicators in order to avoid the resource curse. Now, with oil as a shot in the arm, were going to fly, Were going to really zoom, accelerate, and if everything works, which I pray will happen positively, you come back in five years, and youll see that Ghana truly is the African tiger, in economic terms for development.  [1]  This statement attributed to a former president of Ghana in 2007 upon discovery of oil in commercial quantities justifies the optimistic expectations from the government and people of Ghana on the acceleration of economic growth and development from revenues to be obtained from exploration and development of oil fields. However, countries endowed with abundance of natural resources often perform poorly in achieving their targeted economic development than those with fewer resources resulting in what is popularly known as the paradox of plenty or natural resource curse.  [2]  For most of these richly endowed countries, the dream of using revenues from oil and gas to propel economic development is shutte red due to poor governance, oil price volatility, overdependence of oil revenue and the enclave nature of the oil industry. Ghana, a resource rich country and already producing gold, diamond, bauxite, magnesium and aluminium has not been able to achieve economic stability and low poverty rate with revenues from these mineral resources. Based on current proven reserves, Ghanas production of oil from the Jubilee field is expected to reach it peak from 2013-2015 at a production capacity of 120,000 barrels per day, lasting for 20 years and a potential revenue generation of USD 1.8 billion per annum at its peak production.  [3]  Availability of both short and long term economic measures and macro-economic policies are needed to avoid the resource curse. This paper seeks to examine how the governments of Ghana can effectively manage this scarce resource (oil) in the nations quest to achieving a middle income status economy by 2020. For a proper understanding of oil exploration and exploitation, chapter two will consider the history of oil discovery in Ghana. A comparative approach method will be adopted in chapter three to analyse two diverging case scenarios of how one country (Norway) has been able to effectively manage it resources to advance economic development and the other countrys (Nigeria) failure to achieve such success. Chapter four will elaborate on how key mechanisms such as diversification of the economy, strengthening of contractual and legal framework, transparency and accountability and resource management can be used as a tool in achieving sustainable economic growth. The conclusion will be chapter five. 2. Ghana Overview: History of Oil Discovery Exploration of hydrocarbons in Ghana started in 1896 from the onshore Tano exploration in the Western Region (GPE, 2004). This initial exploration by the West Africa Oil and Fuel Company (WAOFCO) and later by the Socià ©tà © Franà §aise de Petrole in 1909 was hitched by the discovery of seepages of oil onshore by early explorers in surrounding communities onshore Tano (GNPC, 2009). The Saltpond field, which is the first major oil field in Ghana was discovered and developed by Signal Amoco in 1970 and began producing oil in 1975. A total of about 3.47 million barrels of oil was produced and 14 billion cubic feet of gas was flared between 1978 and 1985.  [4]  Three major discoveries Cape Three Points, Saltpond and North and South Tano were made from drilling of 31 wells by the end of 1980. With the nations vision of reducing crude oil importation and the provision of sustainable and reliable supply of petroleum products, Ghana Petroleum Corporation (GNPC) was established in 1983 with a mandate to continue major and sustainable exploration activities through the usage of needed technology and personnel, accelerated petroleum exploration and preventing adverse effects on the environment from petroleum exploration.  [5]  Figure 1 shows Ghanas Jubilee Oil Field. Figure 1: Ghanas Jubilee field straddles two licenses: Deep-water Tano and West Cape Three Points Map of Ghana highlighting offshore projects Source: Tullow Oil Ghana, 2012 In June 2007, GNPC together with its partners in the Jubilee field, Tullow Oil and Kosmos Energy announced the discovery of oil offshore Ghana. Tullow Oil expressed that the oil discovered offshore Ghana is one of the biggest oil finds in Africa in recent times.  [6]  Production of oil from the Jubilee field commenced in December 2010, and is estimated to contain 1.5 billion barrels of oil. Production in 2012 is estimated to be between an average of 70,000 and 90,000 barrels per day (bpd).  [7]  It is important to observe that since 2007, more offshore discoveries of oil and gas has been made with the recent discovery filed by Hess and GNPC for the Pecan-1 exploration well located in at deep-water Tano/Cape Three Points license offshore Ghana.  [8]   3. Comparative Analysis In recent years, due to the extreme variations in the standard of living of resource-rich countries, resource management has become a key element in exploration and development of natural resources. While countries such as Norway ranks very top in effective management of oil revenue, others such as Yemen, Angola, Nigeria and Chad have performed poorly in achieving economic development. Plagued in poverty, most of these countries have become rich with poor people often struggling to design appropriate resource management strategies for resource utilization.  [9]  Oil price volatility and the Dutch Disease are the two commonly known adverse effects to development path of resource endowed countries. The Dutch Disease which occurred in the Netherlands in 1970s refers to a sharp increase in the value of exported resource leading to appreciation of the local real exchange rate. This usually increases import as a result of increase in expenditure due to what is termed as petro-dollar an d makes exportation of local commodities unattractive and difficult, hence the spending effect. The shift in human resources and logistics from other sectors to the resource sector raises cost of production of other sectors creating resource pull.  [10]  A comparative analysis of Norway and Nigeria discussed is intended to offer Ghana with two practically extreme modules for guidance in avoiding the resource curse. 3.1 Norway Norway has earned a reputable position in resource management in oil and gas development. This has been labelled by many as the classical Scandinavian mechanism to tackling obstacles for long-term economic growth and development in the oil and gas industry. Norway discovered its first commercial oil in 1971 from the North Sea and considered its windfall from oil revenues as a temporal tool to insulate global economic shocks instead of stimulating present consumption. From the Norwegian Model, the government carefully and effectively disaggregated administration of petroleum development into policy formulation, commercial and regulatory arms. The separated arms included the national oil company (Statoil) which was mandated to undertake commercial oil and gas exploration and exploitation, Norwegian Petroleum Directorate (NPD) as a regulatory body responsible for control, monitoring and provision of technical support and Ministry of Petroleum and Energy directing government policies.  [11]   To sustain revenue management and wealth, total and non-oil economy separation was introduced in economic forecasting in 1973 and was strengthened by the establishment of Government Petroleum Fund, renamed as Government Pension Fund in 2006. New fiscal policy guidelines were adopted by Parliament in 2001.  [12]  All these policy instruments instituted and strictly adhered to has resulted in prudent and transparent management of oil revenue. (Insert SWF institute) The success chalked by Norway in the management and administration of revenue from oil and gas production has attracted immersed international attention and has led to the formation of the Oil for Development (OfD) by the Norwegian government. The scheme launched in 2005 aims at supporting developing economies upon request, to manage, control and achieve economic development through efficient utilization of oil revenues.  [13]  With core members such as Nigeria, Angola, Uganda, Vietnam and limited cooperation countries such as Ghana, Tanzania and South Africa, Oil for Development now cooperates with more than over 23 countries depending on area of expertise needed. 3.2 Nigeria Nigeria joined the ranks of oil producers in 1958 after it had discovered oil in commercial quantities in 1956 by Shell-BP as the sole concessionaire at the time and producing about 5,100 bpd at Oloibiri in the Niger Delta. By the late sixties and early seventies, production level had surged to over 2 million barrels of crude oil a day.  [14]  Between 1971 and 1973, Nigerias oil revenue almost quintupled due to windfalls from increasing oil prices. Nigeria as a major oil producer joined the Organisation of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) in 1971 and established the Nigerian National Petroleum Company (NNPC) in 1977 as a national oil company to manage and controlled both the upstream and downstream energy sectors.  [15]  Though sectorial and trade patterns begun showing traits of oil income by early1970s, agriculture maintain its dominance accounting for about 40% of non-oil GDP and employing about 70% of the national work force. However, this achievement was short-lived as the economy suffered severe oil syndrome propelling a sharp decline in agriculture sector, collapse of non-oil export and appreciating of the countrys real exchange rate.  [16]  These were the result of high public capital spending (an increase from 3.6% of nominal GDP in 1970 to 29.5% by 1976) leading to high GDP deficit , inflation and wage increments by the government, based on the Public Service Review Commission (the average wage for civil servants doubled with increases of up to 130%).  [17]   http://www.eia.gov/countries/analysisbriefs/Nigeria/images/oil_production_consumption.png Nigeria has failed on the path to developing clear cut oil revenue management systems to manage its windfalls. This is traced to failures on attempted management commissions such as the Niger Development Board of 1960 and the Oil Minerals Producing Areas Development Commission (OMPADEC) of 1992 due to political instabilities. The most recent commission created to salvage the country is the Niger Delta Development Commission (NDDC) in 2000.  [18]  Nigerias crude oil production capacity is currently at 1.673 million bbl/d, with recent offshore oil developments and the restart of some shut-in onshore production increasing it to an average of 2.17 million bbl/d for the month of July 2011. High levels of poverty and corruption has led to kidnappings, militants takeovers of oil facilities in the Niger Delta and pipeline vandalism since 2005.  [19]  Though currently producing below capacity, Nigerias oil production is expected to increase based on the estimated 37.2 billion barrels of proven oil reserves and a more comprehensive revenue management system envisaged from the much debated Petroleum Industry Bill.  [20]   4. Implementing Strategic Management Framework The energy sector strategy and development plan 2010 drafted by the Ministry of Energy in Ghana advocate that in order to achieve the countrys goal of sustaining oil and gas exploration, development and judicious management of accrued revenue, the ministrys plan is to manage oil and gas revenues transparently and ensure equity for the benefit of the present and future generation of Ghanaians. This will be achieved through institutional reforms and transparent regulation for the management the oil revenue through legislative guidelines for the creation of a Future Generation Fund and stabilization fund.  [21]  The challenge is how Ghana positions itself in managing and formulating policies to achieve these set goals. Subsequent chapters will be dedicated to deliberating various successful policies and management styles governing allocation of oil revenues, how much to save (Current versus Future), building economic shocks for oil price volatility and guarding against the Dutch Dis ease 4.1 Strengthening Contractual, Regulatory and Legal Framework In modern business transactions, the buyer is always guided by the traditional concept of caveat emptor let the buyer beware of the natural risk in purchasing products in the market. To this end, and more crucial in the oil and gas industry is the opposite, let the owner beware of how resource revenue management if not meticulously planned could create inequalities.  [22]  Countries such as Botswana and Norway have been able to manage their resource sectors to sustain economic growth by adapting efficient and effective contractual and legal framework. Ghana in an attempt to follow such examples has passed two crucial bills, the Petroleum Revenue Management Bill (PRMB) and the Petroleum Exploration and Production Bill 2011 (PEPB). These bills governing exploration, development and management of oil revenues are intended to strengthen and provide a comprehensive approach to the Ghana National Petroleum Corporation Act (PNDC Law 64), the Petroleum (Exploration and Production) Act (P NDC Law 84), the Petroleum Income Tax Act, 1987 (PNDC Law 188), the Internal Revenue Act 2000 (Act 592) and the Environmental Protection Act 1994 upon commercial discovery of oil in 2007. The Petroleum Revenue Management Act 2011 provides for framework for the collection, allocation and management of petroleum revenue in a responsible, transparent, accountable and sustainable manner for the benefit of the citizens of Ghana in accordance with Article 36 of the Constitution and for related matters.  [23]  Thus, the bill provides instruments for key issues such as setting up of petroleum funds, allocation and disbursement of the funds, management and investments of the petroleum funds and encumbrances and auditing of the funds.  [24]  The Petroleum (Exploration and Production) Act, also seeks to provide a robust framework for the sector for the exploration, development and production of petroleum and create an enabling environment for increased private sector participation and investment in the petroleum sector and to strengthen the regulatory framework for healthy competition and quality assurance.  [25]  By adopting Production Sharing Agreement in negotiati ng and awarding of petroleum contracts to IOCs, Ghana seeks to promote local contents and sense of ownership in petroleum production. However, it is important to state that creating these regulatory and legal frameworks alone is not the end, for Ghana to be able to be successful in promoting economic growth using petroleum revenues; it must strictly adhere to these frameworks as done in Norway and Botswana. 4.2 Transparency, Accountability and Democratic Governance Strong institutions and administrative capacity for transparency and accountability in the oil industry is an important tool in achieving the purpose of improving human lives. Independent and accountable institutions are needed to manage proceeds from natural resource revenues. As done by some countries such as Chile and Malaysia, even with relatively low institutional capacities have overturned the negative cycle and maintained social stability and accelerated economic growth.  [26]  Ghana as member of the New Partnership for Africas Development (NEPAD) which promote good corporate governance, effective regulatory framework for economic activities, corporate accountability , sound, transparent and predictable government policies should adhere to these standards in order to promote quality standard of living and reduce poverty rate. Another mechanism used in tracking the performance of extractive natural resources countries in admonishing transparency, accountability and good governance is participating as a member of the Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative (EITI). As a global standard of ensuring transparency, EITI provides all industry players (IOCs, civil society groups and international organizations) and country members with principles of upholding transparency and accountability of payment from natural resources.  [27]  Ghana together with other countries such as Norway, Nigeria and Tanzania as EITI compliant countries have been meeting all requirements in the EITI standards and must continue to do so as a measure of promoting and strengthening transparency. The democratic dispensation in Ghana is considered by far to be one of the most reliable and stable governance in Africa. Continuing this path of democratic governance and strong civil societies such as the Centre for Policy Analysis (CEP A), IMANI, Centre for Education and Policy and the Institute of Economic Affairs (IEA) in Ghana, the country can tap experience from Chile and Botswana in avoiding the resource curse. The position of transparency and accountability is confirmed in article 8.1 of the Petroleum Revenue Management Act 2011. Its state that for the purpose of transparency and accountability, the records of petroleum receipts in whatever form, shall simultaneously be published by the Minister in the Gazette and in at least two state owned daily newspapers, within thirty calendar days after the end of the applicable quarter.  [28]   4.3 Resource Management A million question usually posed by many experts is whether Ghana should spend or save windfall revenues from the oil sector. Thus, should revenue management policy be structured towards repayment of Ghanas large foreign borrowing and eradicate capital scarcity and credit spreads, invest in foreign assets through sovereign wealth fund which has the capacity of building economic shock absorbers against volatile oil prices or to invest in domestic capital which has the tendency of promoting growth and structural transformation. In the case of Norway, the government instituted the State Petroleum Fund (SPF) in 1990 to function as both savings and stabilization funds to manage macroeconomic growth and guard against oscillating oil prices. Through prudent economic managements, strong democratic institutions, transparency and conservative fiscal policies, the SPF accumulated substantial wealth which led to consistent budget surpluses and the surging popularity of the Norwegian Model.  [29]  Though economic conditions and priorities between Ghana and Norway are different, Chile a developing economy has similar economic growth and development characteristics to that of Ghana. Like Norway, Chile in 1985 established the Copper Stabilization Fund for the management of its copper revenues and its effective management led to economic booms and poverty reduction between 1990 and 1997. Ghana governments oil revenue from the Jubilee field has four components, a royalty of 5% of gross oil revenues, Ghana National Petroleum Corporation share of 13.75% as oil fields commercial net profits, an additional oil entitlement of 10-25 % of petroleum revenue, net of royalties and the GNPC interest, is accrued if the project rate of return is between 18 and 33% and government levies on company income tax on all net profits of 35 %.  [30]  For effective management of windfall revenues from oil production and drawing experience from Norway, Chile and Botswana, Ghanas Petroleum Revenue Management Act allocates government oil revenues between annual budget and sovereign wealth funds based on benchmark revenue. The Petroleum Act established a Petroleum Holding Fund with Bank of Ghana to receive and disburse all public oil revenues. From the Petroleum Holding Fund, 50-70% is allocated to consolidate the annual budget with a minimum of 70% to be used for investment in eleven prior ity areas including agriculture, human resource, education and health, security, transport and the remaining 30% for consumption. The other 30-50% from the Petroleum Holding Fund goes into the Ghana Petroleum Funds which consist of the Ghana Stabilisation Fund and the Ghana Heritage Fund. The Ghana Stabilisation Fund, constituting a minimum of 70% of the Ghana Petroleum Fund, will be used to cushion the impact on o sustain public expenditure capacity during periods of unanticipated petroleum shortfalls and the remained 30% to be invested as the Ghana Heritage Fund to provide an endowment to support the development for future generations when the petroleum reserves have been depleted.  [31]  These policies, when properly administered and supported with strong democratic institutions can eliminate Ghana from the oil curse. 4.4 Conflict Management As observed in the case of Nigeria, political instability and authority has been a key fundamental issue hindering effective management of oil revenue. This is to say that though the promise of piece of share of the oil cake keeps the nation together, its distribution has plunged the country into political, social and economic instability resulting in high levels of poverty and corruption, militants takeovers of oil facilities and vandalism in the Niger Delta.  [32]  Similar cases are spread across the Middle East where poor management of oil revenue has led to polarization of the economy and economic laxity. Although Ghanas commercial oil discoveries have been made in deep water offshore Western Region, the fact still remains that region is most likely to suffer more in the case of oil spillage. Environmental safety trust funds and care must be taken to avoid social disruptions. From Ghanas own experience, towns such as Obuasi and Akwatia which are well known for the extraction of gold and bauxite have seen little development with respects to the national revenue generated from the area. As a result, there are important discussions on the need to establish Western Region Development Fund to cater for a more responsive regional development to avoid undesired sentiment of marginalisation and alienation. 4.5 Diversification and sustainable Economic Policy A key challenge of windfall revenues is how to avoid or minimize the possible negative effect that spending from oil revenues could have on the non-oil sectors of the economy. This negative effect usually leads to shrinking of non-oil sector by shifting production from exports while imports stay the same, shifting production from import substitutes goods and creating additional imports of goods and services. Unlike Nigeria which has seen a near collapse of export from the agricultural sector after discovery of oil, Indonesia has achieved tremendous improvement in agricultural production.  [33]  Other countries such as Angola, Iraq and Equatorial Guinea have also performed poorly in sustaining agricultural development and food security. Agriculture, services and manufacturing sectors are relatively labour-intensive, with agriculture alone employing about 65% of the work force in most developing countries as compared to the extractive industry , Ghana as a major exporter of cocoa, gold and a relatively growing manufacturing sectors should continue to diversify its productions to build a robust economy capable of sustaining oil price volatility. 5. CONCLUSION Ghana, like other developing countries can effectively manage its oil revenue and use the windfalls as an engine for accelerated development through sustainable planning from upstream, midstream and downstream activities. Major challenges for the country would be how to develop the oil and gas industry with optimal local content and participation, how to provide security for the industry and the overall management of potential revenue from oil and gas production. From a lot diverging experiences, Ghana can only do better in areas many countries have failed in relation to the management of exploration and exploitation of crude oil. Given the fact that crude oil and gas as natural resources are exhaustive and temporary, the broad objective of the country should be to use revenues accrued from oil production in support of the non-oil productive sectors in order to achieve a diversified and stable economic growth. The set-up of the national petroleum regulatory authority responsible for the regulation of all petroleum activities and the creation of a future generation fund and stabilization fund to ensure transparency and equity of benefit for both present and future generations are good initiatives. To maximize potentials from the oil industry, these initiatives should be cushioned by building a supporting human resource capacity, technological transfer and strong contractual, regulatory, legal frameworks.